The Letter Waw (ו)
Concerning the pronunciation of the letter Waw there are several variations and complications. There are those who consistently pronounce it like the letter W in English, and there are those who pronounce it like the letter V (the soft ב). There are those who are wont to pronounce it two different ways, sometimes like a V and sometimes like a W. Hence, they’ll pronounce every auxiliary Waw as a W, and every Waw that’s a radical as a V. For example, WayVarekh Dawid (ויברך דוד). The Waw from the word WayVarekh is like בa W, but the Waw of the name Dawid is like a V. There are those who only pronounce the Waw at the beginning of a word as W, but the Waw at the end of a word is pronounced like a V. There are those who pronounce the Waw with a Dagesh (וּ) like a W, and this is a recent phenomenon; they imitate the English language where the double Waw (translator’s note: He means the double V) is said as in Arabic (و). They think that since the Waw has a Dagesh, and its value as like two Waws, as the function of the Dagesh is to double the letter, therefore they pronounce it, as well, as the double W in English. There are those who pronounce the Waw at the end of a word as W, but at the beginning of a word as V. For example: Saraw ve’Avadaw (שׂריו ועבדיו). The Waw of Saraw is pronounced like a W but the first Waw of ve’Avadaw like a V. This is what the Rashbatz (14-15th century Spain and Algeria) wrote. He justified this by claiming that the reason they did this was to differentiate between the first and the last Waws, so that one won’t get absorbed by the other. But this doesn’t make sense because we don’t see this phenomenon with other letters…
Verily, whoever seeks the truth will see that none of the above customs are valid; the sages made it clear that the only double letters are בּגד כּפת when it comes to double pronunciation, aside from the two forms of the letter Shin/sin (שׁשׂ). The other letters never change their pronunciation under any circumstances – including the Waw, which only has one pronunciation. We must unequivocally say that its pronunciation is not like the letter V.
One need not be an expert grammarian or linguist to intuitively know that the letter Waw cannot be like the letter V. Since we already know that the soft form of the letter Beth (ב) is like the letter V (or the Continental European W)*, we are forced to admit that the Waw is not the same as the soft Beth (ב). We have a great rule in the study of the Holy Tongue: There are never two kings wearing the same crown, and we don’t have two letters sharing the same pronunciation. This being the case, how would it be possible to read the word ‘Anawim (ענוים humble people) the same as ‘Anavim (ענבים grapes)? Similarly, we shouldn’t read Aviw (אביו his father) the same as Aviv (אביב spring), or Hayaw (חייו his life) the same as Hayav (חייב obligated) and so on. Since it’s clear to us that the Waw is not like the soft Beth, we must admit that its pronunciation is as the Yemenite, the Babylonian Jews and the rest of Arabic Jewry say it: Always like the letter W in English.
In the book Language of Truth we brought about fifteen proofs that this is the pronunciation of the Waw. The proofs include quotes from the Radaq (12th/13th century Provence), Ibn Ezer (12th century) Spain, R. Yehuda ibn Hayyuj (10th century Morocco), R. Dunash ben Tamim (10th century Tunisia), R. Sa’adya Gaon (9th/10th century Egypt, R. Yehudah ben Karis (about 11th century N. Africa), the books of the Geonim in Arabic, the (Aramaic) translation of Scripture called the translation of Yehonathan (1st century AD Israel), various other authors, Scripture, and the rules of Hebrew grammar. Following is a summary of these sources.
- R. Adonim (Dunash) ben Tamim wrote, in his commentary on the Book of Yetsira, that the Hebrew language has three letters that Arabic lacks. They are the soft Beth (ב), and the hard Gimel (גּ) and Pe (גּ, פּ). If the Waw were the like the soft Beth (V), he would have included that in his list, just as we have the soft Beth (V).
- He also wrote there that Arabic has three letters that Hebrew does not have. They are listed as ج، ض، ظ (the “J” sound and two forms of DH/TH not found in Hebrew or English). If the Waw was like a V, then we would also lack the Arabic Waw (W), and he would have had to mention that Arabic also has its Waw that we lack, just as he listed our Gimel (hard G), which we have and they lack, and the Arabic Jeem (J), which they have and we lack. Therefore, we see that our Waw is exactly the same as the Arabic Waw.
- I just found that R. Avraham De Balmas (15th/16th century Kingdom of Naples) wrote in his book Miqne Avraham (chapter 1): “There is no letter whose origin is deeper (in the throat) than the letter Aleph and none farther out than the letter Waw.” From here we see that the letter Waw is like the English W and not like the V, for the V is said by connecting the lower teeth with the upper teeth and this is not the most external pronunciation. After all, the hard Beth and Pe are farther out than this; they are pronounced only with the lips without using the teeth at all. Only the letter W has its origin farther out than all of them, for it is pronounced only with the lips while the soft Beth and Pe are said with the teeth and the lips.
- R. Dawid Qimhi, in his book Mikhlol (page 73) writes that one must be careful to distinguish between the Waw and the soft Beth because their pronunciations are similar. This implies that, though they are close, they are not identical in pronunciation. According to today’s reading, there is no difference between them at all.
- R. Avraham ibn Ezer, in his commentary on the Torah (Shemoth 3:15) wrote that the origin of the letter Waw is from the connecting of the lips. R. Yehuda ibn Hayyuj wrote that the Waw is pronounced by the kissing of the lips. This implies that the Waw is said only with the connection of the lips on to the other as they “kiss” each other. This is only possible while pronouncing the letter W, but the pronunciation of the letter V does not include the connection of the lips at all, only the connecting of the upper teeth with the lower lips.
- In the literature of the Geonim and later rabbis who wrote in Arabic using Hebrew letters, we see hundreds of books where they consistently wrote the Hebrew letter Waw to represent the Arabic letter Waw (و). It’s known that when they wished to write a (Arabic) letter that we have no exact equivalent to, they would use a similar letter and add a dot to it. For example, they wrote the Arabic Jeem (ج) using our Gimel but with a dot. This is what they did for all Arabic letters where there is no exact Hebrew equivalent. Had our pronunciation of Waw been different from the Arabic pronunciation, they would have added a dot to it so that people would pronounce it as in Arabic (W) and not as in Hebrew (V) We see that nobody ever added a dot or sign to the letter Waw. This is strong evidence that our Waw is exactly the same as the Arabic Waw.
- I heard a particular scholar cite evidence for the Waw that it’s supposed to be like the letter V. He quoted R. Yosef Karo (Beth Yosef in Even ha’Ezer 34) who quoted the words of the ‘Ittur (R. Yitzhaq ben Abba Mari 12th century Southern France) who implied that the words Huppa weQiddushin (חפּה וקדושׁין) sound the same as Huppa veQiddushin (חפּה בקדושׁין). Since R. Yosef Karo cited these words, the implication is that he agrees with this premise. Therefore, the argument goes, since we Sephardim consider R. Yosef Karo to be our authority, we must pronounce it like a V. There are several objections to this “proof.” Firstly, R. Yosef Karo only cited the words of the ‘Ittur (who was French, and who did pronounce it as a V) to clarify the correct text for this benediction, not to address the correct pronunciation of the Waw… Furthermore, we know what R. Yosef Karo wrote in his introduction to Beth Yosef, that even when he makes a decision to permit or prohibit something, if there are congregations whose custom is otherwise, they needn’t change their tradition, for they’re certainly depending upon the opinions of earlier luminaries. Therefore, in the case before us, that many Jewish congregations pronounce the Waw the same as the Arabic Waw, they’re under no obligation to change this based on an inference from the text of the Beth Yosef. This is so even if he said so explicitly. How much more so when he never even made a decision regarding this, but rather he simply copied the words of the ‘Ittur. Also, even if R. Yosef Karo did explicitly write that the Waw is supposed to be like the soft Beth, we still would not be obliged to accept his words because many preceding authorities, from generations past, wrote the opposite, that we must differentiate between the Waw and the soft Beth. We would have to see on what basis he rejected the opinions of earlier authorities. In that case, we would be required to accept his opinion. But since he never even dealt directly with this matter, we must say that had he dealt with this matter, and had he seen the words of earlier authorities, he would have written according to their opinion…
Bonus bullet from yours truly, the translator:
8. The Septuagint was a Greek translation of Hebrew scripture. According to Grok, here’s the timeline of when it was composed:
Modern biblical scholars generally agree on the following timeline, based on linguistic analysis (the style of Koine Greek), early citations, and manuscript evidence:
- Pentateuch (Torah: Genesis–Deuteronomy): Translated first, in the early to mid-3rd century BCE (most commonly placed around 280–250 BCE). This is the most firmly dated portion.
- Remaining books (Historical books, Prophets, Writings/Psalms, etc.): Translated later, mainly during the 2nd century BCE, with some books possibly extending into the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE. A few additions or revisions may have continued into the early 1st century CE.
Proper nouns were, of course, transliterated into Greek characters. Some Hebrew phonemes do not exist in Greek, so the translators (70 of them according to legend, hence the name: Septuagint) had to combine Greek letters creatively to approximate these phonemes. In some cases, the phonemes were simply left out or a seemingly random Greek letter used to represent it. What did they do when they encountered a name with the letter Waw as a consonant? I have a book called “Septuaginta-Probleme” written by Dr. Alexander Sperber. It was published in Stuttgart, Germany in 1929. This is my source, and here are some examples from the book:
Shawe (שׁוה). Greek lacks the “sh” sound, and it was simply skipped over here. What about the Waw? Here’s how they wrote it: E/A/OO/E (εαυη). My familiarity with Greek is limited, so correct me in comments if you find an error.
HaWwoth (חות). D/I/O/TH (διωϑ)
‘Alwan (עלון). G/O/L/A/M (ΓΩΛΑΜ), It’s common to exchange the M and the N, even within Hebrew and Aramaic.
In contrast, when they encountered a proper noun that included the soft Beth (V or Bh), they simply used the Greek letter Beta, which has the B sound.
Medava (מידבא). M/A/D/A/B/A (μαδαβα)
Levona (לבונה) L/E/B/O/N/A (λεβονα)
Nevayoth (נביות) N/A/B/A/O/TH (ναβαωϑ)
Generally speaking, the transliterations of the Septuagint support the Yemenite pronunciation of Hebrew, accounting for a couple of changes in Hebrew that occurred since (the double Heth and the double ‘Ayin were lost in ancient times)
Final note from me, the translator. Since the Waw is pronounced the same as the letter W in English, it makes sense that our ancestors used a dagesh inside it to transform it into the O or OO vowel sounds. After all, if one pronounces the W, but lengthens it as if to double it (the function of the Dagesh Hazaq), he will end up with one of these two vowels; the W naturally turns into a vowel when lengthened. If the Waw were pronounced as a V, it would make no sense to insert a dagesh inside it to transform it into a vowel.
*Even though the author is correct in his conclusion, he is wrong about the pronunciation of the soft Beth in my opinion; it is not the same as the English letter V, but like the Spanish letter V. In other words, a soft B.

















